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The Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions .These amount to an average of five per cent against 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012.


The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialised countries to stabilize GHG emissions, the Protocol commits them to do so.


Recognizing that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, the Protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities.”

The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in Marrakesh in 2001, and are called the “Marrakesh Accords.”


Text of the Kyoto Protocol
http://unfccc.int/key_documents/kyoto_protocol/items/6445.php

 


Carbon-offsetting process. The Mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol:-
Emissions Trading, the Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Implementation

Carbon offsets can be bought and sold as part of compliance schemes, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Kyoto Protocol or the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS; a regional carbon market where European countries can trade carbon allowances to meet regional emission-reduction goals).

The Kyoto Protocol requires parties in the developed world to limit greenhouse gas emissions relative to their emissions in 1990. Under the Kyoto Protocol, emissions trading in a so-called carbon market may help them meet their targeted limit: a party can sell an unused emissions allowance to a party above its limit. The protocol also allows carbon offsets to be traded. Kyoto Protocol parties can obtain offsets through a mechanism called joint implementation (JI), where one party develops an emission-reduction or emission-removal project in another country where emissions are limited. Parties can also obtain offsets through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) for projects in developing countries, where emissions are not otherwise limited.

Read article by Ms.Laurence Boisson de Chazournes:-

Ms.Laurence Boisson de Chazournes,
Professor of International Law
Director of the Department of Public International Law and International Organization
Faculty of Law, University of Geneva

AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION
International Law, Dispute Settlement, International Organizations, International Economic Law, Environmental Law and Water Law.

Read article by Ms.Laurence Boisson de Chazournes:-
The Kyoto Protocol and the Marrakesh Accords


Principal Resources
Text of the Kyoto Protocol
http://unfccc.int/key_documents/kyoto_protocol/items/6445.php

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) br/> In 1992, countries joined an international treaty, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, to cooperatively consider what they could do to limit average global temperature increases and the resulting climate change, and to cope with whatever impacts were, by then, inevitable.
Full Text: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992
http://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf
Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, and Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2000
http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/ha/cpbcbd/cpbcbd.html

The Mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol: Emissions Trading, the Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Implementation
http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/items/1673.php



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